Coating control using forward parameter correction and adapted reverse engineering

ABSTRACT

A device may include one or more memories and one or more processors, communicatively coupled to the one or more memories, to receive design information, wherein the design information identifies desired values for a set of layers of an optical element to be generated during one or more runs; receive or obtain historic information identifying a relationship between a parameter for the one or more runs and an observed value relating to the one or more runs or the optical element; determine layer information for the one or more runs based on the historic information, wherein the layer information identifies run parameters, for the set of layers, to achieve the desired values; and cause the one or more runs to be performed based on the layer information.

BACKGROUND

A coating system may be used to coat a substrate with a particularmaterial. For example, a sputtering system may be used for deposition ofthin film layers, thick film layers, and/or the like. Based ondepositing a set of layers, an optical element may be formed. Forexample, a thin film may be used to form a filter, such as an opticalinterference filter.

SUMMARY

According to some implementations, a device may include one or morememories and one or more processors, communicatively coupled to the oneor more memories, to receive design information, wherein the designinformation identifies desired values for a set of layers of an opticalelement to be generated during one or more runs; receive or obtainhistoric information identifying a relationship between a parameter forthe one or more runs and an observed value relating to the one or moreruns or the optical element; determine layer information for the one ormore runs based on the historic information, wherein the layerinformation identifies run parameters, for the set of layers, to achievethe desired values; and cause the one or more runs to be performed basedon the layer information.

According to some implementations, a method may include receiving, by acoating control device, design information, wherein the designinformation identifies desired values for a set of layers of an opticalelement to be generated during one or more runs; receiving or obtaining,by the coating control device, historic information identifying arelationship between a parameter for the one or more runs and anobserved value relating to the one or more runs or the optical element;determining, by the coating control device, layer information for theone or more runs based on the historic information, wherein the layerinformation identifies run parameters, for the set of layers, to achievethe desired values; causing, by the coating control device, the one ormore runs to be performed based on the layer information; determining,by the coating control device, information identifying a result of theone or more runs, wherein the information identifying the resultidentifies a value of the observed value for the one or more runs; andmodifying, by the coating control device, a run parameter, of the runparameters, based on the information identifying the result.

According to some implementations, a non-transitory computer-readablemedium may store one or more instructions that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to receive designinformation, wherein the design information identifies desired valuesfor a set of layers of an optical element to be generated during one ormore runs; receive or obtain historic information identifying arelationship between a parameter for the one or more runs and anobserved value relating to the one or more runs or the optical element;determine layer information for the one or more runs based on thehistoric information, wherein the layer information identifies runparameters, for the set of layers, to achieve the desired values; andcause the one or more runs to be performed based on the layerinformation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example implementation for coating controlusing forward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineeringbased on expected deterministic process parameter drifts.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example coating system.

FIG. 2B is a diagram of an example environment in which systems and/ormethods described herein may be implemented.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of one or more devices ofFIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 4A is a chart of example outcomes of a coating process withoutforward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineering based onexpected deterministic process parameter drifts.

FIG. 4B is a chart of example outcomes of a coating process usingforward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineering based onexpected deterministic process parameter drifts.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an example process for coating control usingforward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineering based onexpected deterministic process parameter drifts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of example implementations refers tothe accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in differentdrawings may identify the same or similar elements.

A coating system may deposit material from a target onto a substrate toform an element, such as an optical element (e.g., an interferencefilter, a bandpass filter, etc.). For example, the coating system mayperform sputtering of the target over a coating run (referred to hereinas a “run”) in which layers of material are deposited on the substrate.A series of runs to create a set of elements may be referred to hereinas a campaign. In some cases, multiple targets are used. A campaign mayextend for up to the life of the target or targets.

The coating system may perform a run based on various run parameters,such as gas flow rate, power supply setpoint, a time length of the run,and/or the like. Some parameters are static parameters, which may bestatic from run to run. Some parameters may be dynamic, and may beconfigurable from run to run. These run parameters may be configurablewith the goal of achieving a desired coating thickness of multiplelayers for each run. Thus, a coating rate may be observed based on thetime length of the run and the coating thickness deposited during therun. In some cases, the coating system may determine a result of a runthat is not directly observed using the coating thickness. For example,certain spectral measurements may provide information about the resultof the run.

It should be noted that many runs use multiple layers of two or morematerials, so implementations described herein may use multiple coatingrates and many coating thicknesses, as described in more detailelsewhere herein. In some cases, a single coating rate is describedherein for brevity or clarity. It is to be understood that where asingle coating rate is described, multiple coating rates are alsocontemplated.

The coating system may adjust run parameters to achieve a desired value(e.g., coating thickness or another value) for each run. For example, acontrol device may adjust the parameters from run to run so that theruns satisfy goals with regard to spectral performance, refractiveindex, bandwidth, layer thickness, and/or the like. Ideally, a coatingsystem would have a perfectly stable coating rate and a stable coatingchamber, leading to exactly predictable coating thicknesses. Forexample, when certain run parameters are applied, an ideal coatingsystem would have a predictable and stable coating thickness for eachrun, meaning that a stable coating rate is achieved. However, inpractice, coating rates are not perfectly stable. For example,environmental conditions (e.g., water content in the coating chamber,temperature), change in the target over time (e.g., a geometry of thetarget at an end of a campaign in comparison to a beginning of thecampaign), stray coating building up on shields of the coating system,and/or the like, may cause the coating rate or coating rates to driftfrom expected values over time.

One approach for handling a drifting coating rate is to perform ameasurement for an element after a run is performed, determine a resultof the run based on the measurement, and derive run parameters for anext run using the result. In some cases, this may be referred to as“reverse engineering.” For example, the result may include a spectralresponse that indicates a thickness of the optical element, and thecoating system may adjust a run parameter for the next run (e.g., a timelength and/or the like) according to a difference between the observedthickness and a desired value.

In some cases, reverse engineering may be performed for two consecutiveruns. This may improve accuracy of the run parameters (and therefore,hopefully, the corresponding coating rate), but may take significanttime and reduce utilization of the coating system. In some cases,reverse engineering may be performed in a staggered fashion, wherein runparameters for a third run are determined based on a parameter andobserved value for a first run while a second run is performed, runparameters for a fourth run are determined based on a parameter andobserved value for a second run while the third run is performed, and soon. This technique may be referred to as “leapfrogging.” Leapfroggingmay improve utilization of the coating system, thereby increasingthroughput.

However, reverse engineering and leapfrogging may present challengesover the length of a campaign. For example, the coating rate may not befixed over the life of a target due to changing geometry of the target,changing conditions in the coating chamber, and/or other factors.Furthermore, leapfrogging may increase the length of time between a runfor which a result is determined and a run for which run parameters aredetermined based on the result, which increases a likelihood that thelater run is inaccurate with regard to a desired value, particularlyconsidering the drift in the coating rate described above. In somecases, the coating system may need to halt the campaign and perform acalibration coating to determine an observed coating thickness orcoating rate, which further decreases throughput and utilization. For amore detailed description of coating rate accuracy in view of reverseengineering and leapfrogging, refer to FIG. 4A, below.

Some implementations described herein may provide for coating thicknessand/or rate control using forward parameter correction and enhancedreverse engineering based on expected deterministic process parameterdrifts. For example, the change in a parameter, such as coating rate,may have a relationship with an observed value, such as a coating targetlife. As used herein, a coating target life (sometimes referred to as acoating target's life, the life of a coating target, a target life, thelife of a target, and/or the like) may refer to a measure of total usageof a target. In some cases, a coating target life may be expressed as afunction of power and time (e.g., if a power of 15 kW is applied to atarget for 600 seconds, the coating target life of the target mayincrease by 2.5 kWh (15 kW*600 s/3600 s/h)), although other expressionsof coating target life are possible and contemplated herein. In someimplementations, coating target life may be tracked by a control deviceand/or the like.

In this example, as the coating target's life elapses, the coating ratemay drift or change in a particular (e.g., predictable) fashion. Someimplementations described herein may use a relationship between aparameter and an observed value to determine run parameters for a run ofthe coating system. For example, this may allow implementationsdescribed herein to adjust run parameters as runs are performed to keepthe runs accurate with regard to a desired value in view of a changingparameter, such as coating rate.

Some implementations described herein also provide enhanced reverseengineering, particularly for linked reverse engineering. Linked reverseengineering may be used when two or more processes are performed (e.g.,two or more materials are sputtered from one or more targets). In such acase, when a spectral response does not provide useful feedbackregarding both processes, a linked relationship between the twoprocesses is assumed so that feedback regarding one process is used todetermine parameter adjustments for both processes. This may beperformed in some legacy implementations assuming a 1:1 link between thetwo or more processes, which may or may not be accurate in practice, andwhich may become less accurate over time when the two or more processesare associated with different rates of drift with regard to one or moreparameters.

Some implementations described herein determine the link between two ormore processes based on respective relationships (e.g., rates of changeof coating rates in comparison to target life, or other configurationsdescribed herein) of the two or more processes. For example, if oneprocess changes twice as quickly as another process over the life of atarget, a 1:2 relationship between these processes may be used toperform reverse engineering. Thus, accuracy of reverse engineering forsuch processes is improved in comparison to assuming a 1:1 link betweenthe processes.

In this way, accuracy of coating rates may be improved based on expecteddeterministic process parameter drifts, which enables more frequent andconsistent use of leapfrogging, reduces the rate of unacceptable processoutputs, and reduces reliance on calibration runs.

Some implementations described herein use the coating target life and/ora point in the coating target life as an observed value for determiningthe run parameters. However, other observed values, other than coatingtarget life, may be used and are contemplated herein. For example, ifthe coating system performs runs in a predictable or regimented fashion,time or elapsed time may be used in place of coating target life.Similarly, if coating is performed repeatedly for the same or similarproducts, a sequential batch number or run number may be used in placeof coating target life. In other words, coating target life is one ofmany possible values that may be used to quantify coating rate driftover time/target life/batch sequence. It is to be understood that“coating target life” can refer to any of the values described in thisparagraph. Furthermore, some observed values are not based on a timeparameter. For example, a spectral measurement, refractive index, orabsorption index may be used as an observed value.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example implementation 100 for coating controlusing forward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineeringbased on expected deterministic process parameter drifts. Moreparticularly, FIG. 1 shows a control loop for coating thickness controlbased on forward parameter correction, based on enhanced reverseengineering, using a run time as an adjustable parameter based onspectral observations regarding an optical element.

FIG. 1 shows various inputs of information to a control device, whichare shown by reference numbers 105, 110, 115, 120, and 125. Furthermore,FIG. 1 shows a determination, by the control device, of run parametersfor a coating process (e.g., reference number 130) based on forwardparameter correction. The run parameters are shown by reference number135. A coating system (or the control device) may perform a run based onthe run parameters (shown by reference number 140), and a spectrometermay perform a scan of the element generated by the run to determine aresult (shown by reference number 145). As shown by reference number150, the control device may receive information based on the scan (e.g.,information identifying the result). The control device may performreverse engineering based on the result, and may modify the runparameters for a later run based on the reverse engineering (shown bythe cyclical arrows in FIG. 1). A more detailed description of each ofthe above inputs and operations is provided below.

As shown by reference number 105, the control device may receive ordetermine information regarding static process parameters for a coatingprocess. A static process parameter may include a parameter that isstatically or semi-statically configured, that is unlikely to change inthe course of a run or a campaign, and/or the like. Examples of a staticprocess parameter include an argon gas flow value, a power supplyoperation mode, and/or the like. It should be noted that a particularparameter may be static in some cases and dynamic in other cases. Forexample, a gas flow rate may be held steady in some cases (e.g., whenrun time is to be varied between runs to achieve a desired thickness)and may be variable in other cases (e.g., when the observed value forreverse engineering is a refractive index or absorption index related tothe gas flow rate).

As shown by reference number 110, the control device may receive ordetermine historic information identifying a relationship between acoating rate and a coating target life. More generally, the controldevice may receive historic information identifying a relationshipbetween a parameter and an observed value. The historic information mayidentify (or may enable the control device to identify) a coating rateto be expected at a particular point in a coating target's life forgiven parameters. For example, an observed coating rate may change ordrift over the course of a coating target life span.

In some implementations, described herein, the control device may use anon-linear relationship to define the relationship between the parameterand the observed value. For example, the control device may use asecond-order or higher-order function or polynomial to define therelationship between the parameter and the observed value. In someaspects, the control device may receive or store information identifyingvalues for the relationship between the coating rate and the coatingtarget life. For example, the control device may store a lookup table ora similar data structure that identifies coating rates corresponding todifferent coating target life values. In some aspects, the controldevice may use a linear relationship between the parameter and theobserved value.

The relationship between the parameter and the observed value may beshown as a static parameter because the relationship may be apredetermined value. For example, in this case, the relationship may bedetermined based on observations regarding past campaigns. In someimplementations, the relationship may be adjusted based on reverseengineering. For example, if the control device determines that a resultof a run has drifted from an expected value associated with therelationship using reverse engineering, the control device may adjustthe relationship to improve the accuracy of future runs.

In some implementations, two or more materials may be produced by thesame target. For example, in some cases, SiO2, Si, Si3N4, and SiOx mayall be produced from one target. In such a case, a single target canhave multiple processes. The target life counter for the single targetmay be shared between all processes. For example, if the coating systemcoats SiO2, the target may be partially depleted and the target lifecounter may increment. Then, a subsequent Si layer from the same targetwill start with a rate assumption of this higher (e.g., more advanced,more depleted, incremented) target life. Thus, multi-process targetdepletion may be taken into account when performing reverse engineering.

In some implementations, the information identifying the relationshipmay relate to multiple, different targets, such as in a case wherein asubstrate is to be coated with material from the multiple, differenttargets. For example, each target may be associated with a respectivefunction that defines the relationship between the coating rate for eachtarget and the respective coating target lifespan of each target. Thecontrol device may determine parameters for the coating rate based onthe respective functions. This may improve accuracy of coating incomparison to determining parameters for multiple targets based on anassumption that the coating rates of the multiple targets are linked(e.g., based on a constant relationship and/or the like).

As shown by reference number 115, the control device may receive ordetermine one or more dynamic process parameters. A dynamic processparameter may include a value (e.g., a run parameter) that can bechanged from one run to another (e.g., based on reverse engineeringand/or a static process parameter, such as a relationship between aparameter and an observed value). In some implementations, the controldevice may determine an observed coating thickness or rate for aparticular run (e.g., using a spectroscopic measurement and a reverseengineering technique), may store the observed coating thickness or rateand information identifying a target life associated with the observedcoating thickness or rate, and may use the stored information todetermine a parameter for a later run. For example, the control devicemay adjust a run parameter based on whether the observed coatingthickness or rate matches an expected coating rate (e.g., based on amachine learning technique and/or the like). In this way, the controldevice iteratively adjusts coating rate parameters based on observedcoating thicknesses or rates, which further improves accuracy of thecoating rate determination.

The control device is described herein as determining an observedcoating thickness or rate. However, in some cases, the control devicemay determine another parameter that is associated with the coatingthickness or rate. For example, the control device may determine whethera spectral response of the optical element matches a spectral responseassociated with a desired coating thickness. Thus, direct measurement ofthe coating thickness need not be performed, which may reduce relianceon expensive and complex measurement techniques, thereby increasingthroughput.

As shown by reference number 120, the control device may receive designinformation identifying a layer sequence. For example, a run may includethe deposition of one or more layers on a substrate. Each layer may havea desired material thickness. The control device may receive designinformation identifying layers (e.g., materials from which each layer isto be formed, an order or sequence of the layers, etc.) and a thicknessto be achieved for each layer. The control device may use thisinformation to determine run parameters for runs to deposit the layerson the substrate, as described in more detail below.

As shown by reference number 125, the control device may receive ordetermine information identifying a starting target life value for anext run. For example, a target may be depleted as successive runs areperformed. The target may start at a particular target life value (e.g.,which may be expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh), a time value, and/or thelike) before a first run is performed. Each run may deplete materialfrom the target. The control device may determine a starting target lifeof each target for each run to be performed. The control device may usethe starting target life to determine run parameters for each run (e.g.,based on the information identifying the relationship between theparameter and the observed value, as described in more detail below).

As shown by reference number 130, the control device may determine runparameters for a run. For example, the control device may determine theparameters using a last known coating rate for all layers associatedwith the run (e.g., using the relationship shown by reference number 110and a reverse engineering result, described below). In someimplementations, a run parameter may include a run time. For example,the run parameter may identify a length of time for which deposition orsputtering is to be performed with regard to a particular target orlayer.

In some implementations, the control device may determine a runparameter for a layer based on the starting target life for the layer(shown by reference number 125), a thickness of the layer (shown byreference number 120), a reverse-engineered result for the layer oranother dynamic process parameter (shown by reference number 115), and atarget life for the run from which the reverse-engineered coating ratewas determined (also shown by reference number 115). For example, thecontrol device may determine a run time for the layer using thereverse-engineered coating rate, adjusted based on the differencebetween the target life for the run from which the reverse-engineeredcoating rate was determined and the starting target life for the layer.The control device may adjust the reverse-engineered coating rate basedon a relationship between the coating rate and the target life (as shownby reference number 110).

The control device may use the adjusted coating rate and the materialthickness to determine run parameters for the layer (shown by referencenumber 135). Here, parameters are shown as par1 and par2, and the runtime for each layer is shown as time 1 and time 2. For example, when theadjusted coating rate indicates that a previous run was thinner than adesired value, the control device may lengthen time 1 and/or time 2. Asanother example, when the adjusted coating rate indicates that aprevious run was thicker than a desired value, the control device mayshorten time 1 and/or time 2. In this way, the control device determinesthe run parameters for the layer using a reverse-engineered coating ratethat is adjusted based on the relationship between the coating rate andthe target life, and using a starting target life for the layer, whichimproves accuracy of the parameter and reduces effects of changingtarget geometry and/or the like. In some implementations, the controldevice may perform the above operations for each layer in a run (e.g.,with regard to each target to be deposited in a run) using informationspecific to each layer and each target.

In some implementations, the control device may determine a runparameter other than, or in addition to, a run time. As one example, thecontrol device may determine a power supply setpoint based on anobserved value (e.g., a coating thickness, a coating rate, or a targetlife. The power supply setpoint may allow the control device to increaseor decrease a coating rate, which may enable the control device to holda coating rate steady over the life of a sample. As a second example,the control device may determine a bias based on an observed value. Thebias may be a measure of starting or ending delays in a run that mayaffect thickness of layers. For example, a layer time may be based onthe relationship: (target thickness+bias)/coating rate.

As a third example, the control device may determine a rotary driveheight. The rotary drive height may permit the control device toregulate runoff across the substrate. For example, if there is moredistance between the target and the substrate, the coating rate at acenter of the rotary drive may be higher than the coating rate at anedge of the rotary drive. In this case, the control device may performreverse engineering based on multiple spectral measurements at differentlocations on the optical element. This may enable the use of multiple,different rates to perform enhanced reverse engineering. For example,the control device may track respective changes in the multiple spectralmeasurements, and may use a relationship between the respective changesto determine a rotary drive height for a future run.

In some implementations, the control device may determine a geometricrelationship between a target or source and the substrate. For example,the rotary drive height may be one such geometric relationship. Thegeometric relationship may affect coating rate, runoff, and/or the like.Other examples of configuring the geometric relationship include raisingor lowering the target, moving or translating a component in a spatialdirection, modifying the geometry or location of a mask, and/or thelike.

In some implementations, the control device may determine a gas flowrate (e.g., an oxygen flow rate and/or the like). For example, a gasflow rate may affect a coating rate and/or a desired material property(e.g., refractive index, absorption, etc.). In some implementations, thecontrol device may determine the above parameters based on measurementsperformed with regard to one or more layers or runs, as described inconnection with reference number 150, below.

In some implementations, the control device may iteratively determinevalues for one of the above run parameters using a control loop similarto the one described herein for the coating rate. For example, thecontrol device may determine parameter values by analyzing spectralscans from measurements (e.g., in one or more locations across a coatingsubstrate). The control device may determine a deviation of a parameterfrom an expected value on a given run, and may adjust a run parameterfor a next run based on the deviation and/or based on an observed value(e.g., based on a target life for the next run and for the given run,and in accordance with a relationship between the parameter and thetarget life).

In some implementations, the control device may use historic information(e.g., information regarding past runs, information identifying a targetlife value of a target, etc.) to determine a value of one or more of theabove parameters. As an example, as the target proceeds through a targetlife, the control device may determine to lower the rotary drive toreduce runoff. In such a case, the control device may determine therotary drive height based on the target life. As another example,assuming that the control device is to keep the coating rate steadythroughout the target life, the control device may increase the powersupply setpoint based on the target life. Thus, determination of theabove parameters may take into account historical information, therebyimproving accuracy of the determination of the above parameters andimproving coating accuracy.

As shown by reference number 140, the coating system may perform the runusing the run parameters determined in connection with referenced number130, above. In some implementations, the control device may cause thecoating system to perform the run. For example, the control device mayconfigure the coating system to perform the run using the runparameters. In some implementations, the control device may perform therun.

As shown by reference number 145, a spectrometer may perform a scan ofthe coated element to determine a result. For example, the spectrometermay perform one or more measurements to determine whether a parameter(e.g., coating rate, power supply setpoint, bias, rotary drive height,gas flow, spectral response, etc.) aligns with an expected value (e.g.,based on a relationship between the parameter and an observed value,such as target life). In some implementations, and as shown, thespectrometer may provide information associated with the one or moremeasurements to the control device. In some implementations, thespectrometer may be part of the coating system. In some implementations,the spectrometer may be separate from the coating system.

As shown by reference number 150, the control device may perform reverseengineering to determine coating rate changes for target livesassociated with one or more targets. More generally, the control devicemay perform reverse engineering to determine whether a parameter fitswith a relationship between the parameter and an observed value, or todetermine a drift in a parameter in relation to the observed value. Forexample, the control device may determine an observed coating rate for alayer. Using the observed coating rate, the control device can determinea change in the coating rate over multiple runs, which may sometimes bereferred to as a coating rate slope (e.g., using a difference between astarting target life and an ending target life). The change in thecoating rate may permit the control device to more accurately predictperformance of a next run, thereby improving coating success rates.

In some implementations, the control device may perform enhanced reverseengineering using the historic information. For example, many runs mayuse multiple, different materials to perform coating. In some cases,spectral analysis of the optical element provides information that isuseful for reverse engineering of all materials. For example, eachmaterial may cause a respective effect in the spectral response of theoptical element. In such a case, the control device may perform reverseengineering for each material, and may store results of the reverseengineering with observed values (e.g., target life, etc.) correspondingto the results. The control device may use the results and the observedvalues to modify a run parameter for a future run, as described in moredetail elsewhere herein. This may be referred to as unlinked reverseengineering, since the reverse engineering result for one material isnot dependent on the reverse engineering result for another material.

In some aspects, the control device may performed linked reverseengineering. Linked reverse engineering may be used when measurement ofan optical element is not useful for reverse engineering of allmaterials. For example, one or more materials may not cause an effect inthe spectral response, so measurement of the spectral response may onlyprovide information regarding other materials of the optical element. Insuch a case, a link between a first reverse engineering result for afirst material and a second reverse engineering result for a secondmaterial may be assumed. In some cases, this link has been assumed to be1:1, meaning that a parameter drift of X for a first materialcorresponds to a parameter drift of X for a second material. However, insome cases, different materials may be associated with differentparameter drift. For example, a first material may be associated with afirst relationship between target life and coating thickness, and asecond material may be associated with a different second relationshipbetween target life and coating thickness. In this case, it can be seenthat a 1:1 link between reverse engineering results for the firstmaterial and the second material would cause increasing inaccuracy overthe target life.

The control device may perform enhanced reverse engineering based on thehistorical information associated with the first sample and the secondsample. For example, assume that a first material is associated with arelationship between coating rate and target life defined by X, andassume that a second material is associated with a relationship betweencoating rate and target life defined by Y. Further, assume that spectralmeasurement provides useful information about the first material and notthe second material. In that case, the control device may perform linkedreverse engineering using a link of, for example, X:Y. Thus, accuracy ofreverse engineering for the first material and the second material isimproved based on the historical information (e.g., based on forwardparameter correction), which improves yield and reduces or eliminatesthe need for calibration runs. It can be seen that the above procedurecan be generalized for any number of materials, links, and/or targets.

In this way, accuracy of the coating procedure is improved by enablingthe maintenance of a desired value, which enables more accuratedeposition of layers to conform with layer thickness goals. Furthermore,some implementations described herein may enable more consistentleapfrogging, since the relationship between a parameter and an observedvalue can be used to accurately determine run parameters for a run thatdoes not immediately follow the run for which the reverse engineering isperformed. Still further, some implementations described herein mayimprove spectral shape degradation that can be seen over multiple runsfor filters that use multiple processes with different changes incoating rates. For example, since the rate correction is specific toeach process or target, some implementations described herein may moreaccurately represent the actual coating rates for the multiple processesor targets than a linked coating rate determination technique. Evenfurther, some implementations described herein may improve theconsistency of the coating procedure across a campaign. For example, thedecrease in coating rate as the target is depleted may be offset byincreased deposition times based on the target life, thereby improvingconsistency of the coating thickness across the campaign.

As indicated above, FIG. 1 is provided merely as an example. Otherexamples are possible and may differ from what was described with regardto FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example coating system 210. As shown, coatingsystem 210 includes a process chamber 211, a substrate 212, a target213, magnets 214, a rotary motion system 215, a uniformity mask 216, aprocess gas intake 217, and a process chamber evacuator 218.

The coating process may occur in the process chamber 211. For example, amaterial may be sputtered from the target 213 onto the substrate 212. Toaccomplish this, a voltage is applied to target 213 (e.g., at aparticular power supply setpoint or power setpoint), which may cause aplasma-based effect at a surface of the target 213. The plasma-basedeffect may cause the material of the target 213 to be sputtered towardthe substrate 212. As the target is depleted, material may be lost fromthe surface of the target 213 opposite the magnets 214. That increasesthe distance between the surface of target 213 and substrate 212,typically reducing the coating rate. It also changes the magnetic fieldstrength at the surface of the target 213, affecting the plasmaformation process. Thus, a coating rate may change (e.g., decrease orincrease, decrease then increase, increase then decrease, fluctuate,etc.) as the target life of the target 213 elapses. The rotary motionsystem 215 may be associated with a rotary drive height, which may placethe substrate 212 closer to or farther from the target 213, therebyaffecting coating rate. Gas may enter the process chamber 211 at theprocess gas intake 217, and may leave the process chamber 211 at theprocess chamber evacuator 218. In some implementations, the coatingsystem 210 may include a spectrometer and/or the like (not shown) toperform measurements for determination of observed coating rates orother parameters.

As indicated above, FIG. 2A is provided as an example. Other examplesare possible and may differ from what was described with regard to FIG.2A.

FIG. 2B is a diagram of an example environment 200 in which systemsand/or methods described herein may be implemented. As shown in FIG. 2B,environment 200 may include a coating system 210, a control device 220,and a network 230. Devices of environment 200 may interconnect via wiredconnections, wireless connections, or a combination of wired andwireless connections.

Coating system 210 is described in more detail in connection with FIG.2A, above.

Control device 220 includes one or more devices capable of receiving,storing, generating, processing, and/or providing information associatedwith controlling or configuring coating system 210. For example, controldevice 220 may include a server, a computer, a wearable device, a cloudcomputing device, and/or the like. In some implementations, controldevice 220 may receive information from and/or provide information toone or more other devices of environment 200, such as coating system210.

Network 230 includes one or more wired and/or wireless networks. Forexample, network 230 may include a cellular network (e.g., a long-termevolution (LTE) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network,a 3G network, a 4G network, a 5G network, another type of nextgeneration network, etc.), a public land mobile network (PLMN), a localarea network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan areanetwork (MAN), a telephone network (e.g., the Public Switched TelephoneNetwork (PSTN)), a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, theInternet, a fiber optic-based network, a cloud computing network, or thelike, and/or a combination of these or other types of networks.

The number and arrangement of devices and networks shown in FIG. 2B areprovided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devicesand/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks, different devices and/ornetworks, or differently arranged devices and/or networks than thoseshown in FIG. 2B. Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIG. 2B maybe implemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIG.2B may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, oralternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) ofenvironment 200 may perform one or more functions described as beingperformed by another set of devices of environment 200.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of a device 300. Device 300may correspond to coating system 210 and/or control device 220. In someimplementations, coating system 210 and/or control device 220 mayinclude one or more devices 300 and/or one or more components of device300. As shown in FIG. 3, device 300 may include a bus 310, a processor320, a memory 330, a storage component 340, an input component 350, anoutput component 360, and a communication interface 370.

Bus 310 includes a component that permits communication among thecomponents of device 300. Processor 320 is implemented in hardware,firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. Processor 320 is acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), anaccelerated processing unit (APU), a microprocessor, a microcontroller,a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array(FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or anothertype of processing component. In some implementations, processor 320includes one or more processors capable of being programmed to perform afunction. Memory 330 includes one or more memories, such as a randomaccess memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and/or another type ofdynamic or static storage device (e.g., a flash memory, a magneticmemory, and/or an optical memory) that stores information and/orinstructions for use by processor 320.

Storage component 340 stores information and/or software related to theoperation and use of device 300. For example, storage component 340 mayinclude a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, amagneto-optic disk, and/or a solid state disk), a compact disc (CD), adigital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetictape, and/or another type of non-transitory computer-readable medium,along with a corresponding drive.

Input component 350 includes a component that permits device 300 toreceive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touch screendisplay, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, and/or amicrophone). Additionally, or alternatively, input component 350 mayinclude a sensor for sensing information (e.g., a global positioningsystem (GPS) component, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or anactuator). Output component 360 includes a component that providesoutput information from device 300 (e.g., a display, a speaker, and/orone or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs)).

Communication interface 370 includes a transceiver-like component (e.g.,a transceiver and/or a separate receiver and transmitter) that enablesdevice 300 to communicate with other devices, such as via a wiredconnection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired andwireless connections. Communication interface 370 may permit device 300to receive information from another device and/or provide information toanother device. For example, communication interface 370 may include anEthernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, aninfrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serialbus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi interface, a cellular network interface, orthe like.

Device 300 may perform one or more processes described herein. Device300 may perform these processes based on processor 320 executingsoftware instructions stored by a non-transitory computer-readablemedium, such as memory 330 and/or storage component 340. Acomputer-readable medium is defined herein as a non-transitory memorydevice. A memory device includes memory space within a single physicalstorage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storagedevices.

Software instructions may be read into memory 330 and/or storagecomponent 340 from another computer-readable medium or from anotherdevice via communication interface 370. When executed, softwareinstructions stored in memory 330 and/or storage component 340 may causeprocessor 320 to perform one or more processes described herein.Additionally, or alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in placeof or in combination with software instructions to perform one or moreprocesses described herein. Thus, implementations described herein arenot limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry andsoftware.

The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 3 are provided asan example. In practice, device 300 may include additional components,fewer components, different components, or differently arrangedcomponents than those shown in FIG. 3. Additionally, or alternatively, aset of components (e.g., one or more components) of device 300 mayperform one or more functions described as being performed by anotherset of components of device 300.

FIG. 4A is a chart of example outcomes 405 of a coating campaign thatmay not use forward parameter correction and enhanced reverseengineering based on expected deterministic process parameter drifts. InFIG. 4A, calibration runs are indicated by larger black dots, such asthose shown by reference numbers 410 and 415. The vertical axis showsthe spectral offset of each coating run (e.g., design offset). Thehorizontal axis shows the target life, expressed as kWh. For example, at0 kWh, the target is new, and at 2000 kWh, the target is to be replaced.It is desirable to have spectral offsets that are constant throughoutthe target life. Ideally, the offset is consistently zero.

As can be seen, there is a negative trend in the spectral offset. Thismay be a result of the change in the coating rate over time that isdescribed in connection with FIG. 1, above. Furthermore, some runs haveparticularly deviant outcomes—examples of these runs are shown byreference numbers 420 and 425. Note that the runs with the most negativespectral offsets coincide with leapfrogging runs (shown by the diamondsat the bottom of the graph). This is because, when using a legacyapproach, the inaccuracy in coating rate over the target life isexacerbated when reverse-engineering measurements are performed fornon-consecutive runs. Thus, leapfrogging may not be possible orbeneficial when using the legacy approach. Furthermore, many calibrationruns are performed (as shown by the larger black dots), which isresource-intensive and interrupts the campaign.

FIG. 4B is a chart of example outcomes 430 of a coating process usingforward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineering based onexpected deterministic process parameter drifts (e.g., using thetechniques described herein). As shown, the spectral offset does notsignificantly drift up or down during the campaign, remaining between−0.2 and approximately +0.2. This means that fewer filters are likely toviolate specifications for desired values, thereby improving yield.Furthermore, since leapfrogging does not correlate with a significantdrop in coating rate accuracy when using techniques described herein,leapfrogging can be performed more often than for the campaign in FIG.4A, thereby improving throughput. Still further, only a singlecalibration run is performed (e.g., a first run), thereby furtherimproving throughput.

As indicated above, FIGS. 4A and 4B are provided merely as examples.Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described withregard to FIGS. 4A and 4B.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an example process 500 for coating controlusing forward parameter correction and enhanced reverse engineeringbased on expected deterministic process parameter drifts. In someimplementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 5 may be performedby a control device (e.g., control device 220). In some implementations,one or more process blocks of FIG. 5 may be performed by another deviceor a group of devices separate from or including the control device,such as a coating system (e.g., coating system 210).

As shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include receiving designinformation, wherein the design information identifies desired valuesfor a set of layers of an optical element to be generated during one ormore runs (block 510). For example, the control device (e.g., usingprocessor 320, communication interface 370, etc.) may receive designinformation (e.g., as shown by reference number 120 of FIG. 1). Thedesign information may identify one or more desired values for a set oflayers of an optical element. For example, the optical element mayinclude a filter and/or another optical element. The optical element maybe generated during the one or more runs.

As further shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include receiving orobtaining historic information identifying a relationship between aparameter for the one or more runs and an observed value relating to theone or more runs or the optical element (block 520). For example, thecontrol device (e.g., using processor 320, communication interface 370,etc.) may receive or obtain (e.g., determine) historic information(e.g., as shown by reference number 110 of FIG. 1). The historicinformation may identify a relationship between a parameter and anobserved value for the one or more runs. In various examples describedherein, the parameter may include a coating rate, a rotary drive height,a supply power setpoint, a gas flow rate, and/or the like. In variousexamples described herein, the observed value may include a target life,a spectral response, a refractive index, a coating rate, an absorptionindex, and/or the like. In some implementations, the historicinformation may be based on a previous campaign. In someimplementations, the historic information may be based on a previous runof a current campaign. For example, the historic information may bebased on a reverse engineering result for the current campaign. In someimplementations, the historic information may identify multiplerelationships (e.g., for multiple different processes, for multiplemeasurements on different parts of an optical element, etc.), which maybe used to improve accuracy of reverse engineering.

Implementations described herein use desired values, parameters,observed values, and run parameters. A run parameter (shown by referencenumber 135 of FIG. 1) may include a value used to perform a run that canbe adjusted based on a historical value and/or a result of reverseengineering. A desired value may be identified by design information(shown by reference number 120 of FIG. 1) and may identify a targetthickness (e.g., a targeted thickness associated with the run), coatingrate, spectral response, and/or the like. A parameter may include avalue that has a relationship to an observed value that can be described(e.g., using a linear or non-linear polynomial). The relationshipbetween the parameter and the observed value can be used to predictvalues of the parameter in different conditions (e.g., at differentpoints in the observed value's lifespan, for different spectralmeasurements, and/or the like).

As further shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include determining layerinformation for the one or more runs based on the historic information,wherein the layer information identifies run parameters, for the set oflayers, to achieve the desired values (block 530). For example, thecontrol device (e.g., using processor 320, communication interface 370,etc.) may determine layer information, shown by reference number 135 ofFIG. 1. The layer information may identify run parameters that thecontrol device has determined based on the design information, thehistoric information, and/or a reverse engineering result. For example,the run parameters may include gas flow rate, power supply setpoint, runtime, rotary drive height, and/or the like. In some implementations, thelayer information may identify run parameters for a next run. In someimplementations, the layer information may identify run parameters for anext N runs (N>1). In such a case, the control device may modify one ormore run parameters of a future run based on performing reverseengineering of a past or current run, as described in more detailelsewhere herein.

As further shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include causing the one ormore runs to be performed based on the layer information (block 540).For example, the control device (e.g., using processor 320,communication interface 370, etc.) may cause the one or more runs to beperformed using the layer information (e.g., the run parameters), asshown by reference number 140 of FIG. 1. In some implementations, thecontrol device may perform the one or more runs. In someimplementations, the control device may cause the coating system toperform the one or more runs.

As further shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include determininginformation identifying a result of the one or more runs, wherein theinformation identifying the result identifies a value of the observedvalue for the one or more runs (block 550). For example, the controldevice (e.g., using processor 320, communication interface 370, etc.)may determine information identifying a result of the one or more runs,as shown by reference numbers 145 and 150. For example, the controldevice, or another device (e.g., a spectrometer and/or the like) maydetermine a measurement or spectral response for the optical element.The measurement or spectral response may indicate a result of the one ormore runs (e.g., a layer thickness, a spectral characteristic, a filterfrequency, a runoff level, and/or the like). The control device maydetermine whether the result deviates from a desired value and/or from avalue predicted using the historic information (e.g., as shown byreference number 150). Furthermore, the result may indicate a value ofthe observed value (e.g., the target life, refraction index, absorption,etc.), which the control device may use to modify a run parameter, asdescribed in more detail below. This process block may be referred to,in some cases, as enhanced reverse engineering.

As further shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include modifying a runparameter, of the run parameters, based on the information identifyingthe result (block 560). For example, the control device (e.g., usingprocessor 320, communication interface 370, etc.) may modify a runparameter (shown by reference number 130) based on the informationidentifying the result. In some implementations, the control device maydetermine a run parameter for a future run based on the informationidentifying the result. In some implementations, the control device maymodify the run parameter based on the historic information, the designinformation, and/or the information identifying the result. In this way,the control device may dynamically adapt the run parameters based on acombination of enhanced reverse engineering and forward parametercorrection, which improves campaign accuracy and reduces reliance oncostly calibration runs.

Process 500 may include additional implementations, such as any singleimplementation or any combination of implementations described belowand/or in connection with one or more other processes describedelsewhere herein.

In some implementations, the control device may determine informationidentifying a result of the one or more runs, wherein the informationidentifying the result identifies a value of the observed value for theone or more runs; and modify a run parameter, of the run parameters,based on the information identifying the result. In someimplementations, the historic information includes at least part of theinformation identifying the result. In some implementations, theinformation identifying the result is based on a spectral measurement ofthe optical element. In some implementations, the informationidentifying the result is based on a plurality of spectral measurementsof the optical element. In some implementations, wherein the one or moreruns use a plurality of materials, and wherein the historic informationidentifies respective relationships for the plurality of materials. Insome implementations, the plurality of materials is associated with asingle target. In some implementations, the control device may determinethe information identifying the result based on at least tworelationships of the plurality of relationships.

In some implementations, the relationship identifies a rate of change ofthe parameter in comparison to the observed value. In someimplementations, the parameter is a coating rate and the observed valueis a target life. In some implementations, the run parameter includes atleast one of a gas flow rate, a supply power configuration, a supplypower setpoint, or a rotary drive height.

In some implementations, the parameter is a rotary drive height and theobserved value is a target life or a runoff value. In someimplementations, the parameter is a supply power setpoint and theobserved value is a target life. In some implementations, the parameteris a gas flow rate and the observed value is a refractive index or anabsorption index. In some implementations, the historic information isfor a first run, wherein the layer information is for a second run, andwherein the first run and the second run are separated by at least onerun. In some implementations, the desired value includes at least one ofa thickness of a layer of the set of layers, a refractive index of theoptical element, or an absorption index. In some implementations, theone or more runs are part of a coating campaign to generate the opticalelement using a sputtering technique.

Although FIG. 5 shows example blocks of process 500, in someimplementations, process 500 may include additional blocks, fewerblocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than thosedepicted in FIG. 5. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of theblocks of process 500 may be performed in parallel.

In this way, control device 220 improves accuracy of the depositionprocess is improved by enabling the maintenance of a desired valueand/or a stable coating chamber. Furthermore, control device 220 mayenable more consistent leapfrogging, since the relationship between theparameter and the observed value can be used to accurately determine runparameters for a run that does not immediately follow the run in whichreverse engineering is performed. Still further, control device 220 mayimprove spectral shape degradation that can be seen over multiple runsfor filters that use multiple processes or targets with differentcoating rate slopes. For example, since the rate correction can bespecific to each process or target when using enhanced reverseengineering, control device 220 may more accurately determine the actualcoating rates for the multiple processes or targets than a linkedcoating rate determination technique that assumes a constant or 1:1relationship. Even further, control device 220 may improve theconsistency of the coating chamber across a campaign. For example, thedecrease in coating rate as the target is depleted may be offset byincreased run times based on the target life, thereby improvingconsistency of the coating rate across the campaign.

The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to theprecise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible inlight of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of theimplementations.

As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly construedas hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software.

Some implementations are described herein in connection with thresholds.As used herein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value beinggreater than the threshold, more than the threshold, higher than thethreshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than thethreshold, fewer than the threshold, lower than the threshold, less thanor equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or the like.

It will be apparent that systems and/or methods, described herein, maybe implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, or acombination of hardware and software. The actual specialized controlhardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methodsis not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behaviorof the systems and/or methods were described herein without reference tospecific software code—it being understood that software and hardwarecan be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based on thedescription herein.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are notintended to limit the disclosure of possible implementations. In fact,many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recitedin the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although eachdependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, thedisclosure of possible implementations includes each dependent claim incombination with every other claim in the claim set.

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed ascritical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as usedherein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or moreitems, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore,as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items(e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related andunrelated items, etc.), and may be used interchangeably with “one ormore.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similarlanguage is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,”“having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, thephrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on”unless explicitly stated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: one or more memories; andone or more processors, communicatively coupled to the one or morememories, to: receive design information, wherein the design informationidentifies desired values for a set of layers of an optical element tobe generated during one or more runs; receive or obtain historicinformation identifying a relationship between a parameter for the oneor more runs and an observed value relating to the one or more runs orthe optical element; determine layer information for the one or moreruns based on the historic information, wherein the layer informationidentifies run parameters, for the set of layers, to achieve the desiredvalues; and cause the one or more runs to be performed based on thelayer information.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further to: determine information identifying a result ofthe one or more runs, wherein the information identifying the resultidentifies a value of the observed value for the one or more runs; andmodify a run parameter, of the run parameters, based on the informationidentifying the result.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein theinformation identifying the result is based on a spectral measurement ofthe optical element.
 4. The device of claim 2, wherein the informationidentifying the result is based on a plurality of spectral measurementsof the optical element.
 5. The device of claim 2, wherein the one ormore runs use a plurality of materials, and wherein the historicinformation identifies respective relationships for the plurality ofmaterials.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the plurality of materialsis associated with a single target.
 7. The device of claim 5, whereinthe one or more processors, when determining the information identifyingthe result of the one or more runs, are further to: determine theinformation identifying the result based on at least two relationshipsof the plurality of relationships.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein therelationship identifies a rate of change of the parameter in comparisonto the observed value.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the parameteris a coating rate and the observed value is a target life.
 10. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the run parameter includes at least one of:one or more run times for the set of layers, a gas flow rate, a supplypower configuration, a supply power setpoint, or a geometricconfiguration.
 11. A method, comprising; receiving, by a coating controldevice, design information, wherein the design information identifiesdesired values for a set of layers of an optical element to be generatedduring one or more runs; receiving or obtaining, by the coating controldevice, historic information identifying a relationship between aparameter for the one or more runs and an observed value relating to theone or more runs or the optical element; determining, by the coatingcontrol device, layer information for the one or more runs based on thehistoric information, wherein the layer information identifies runparameters, for the set of layers, to achieve the desired values;causing, by the coating control device, the one or more runs to beperformed based on the layer information; determining, by the coatingcontrol device, information identifying a result of the one or moreruns, wherein the information identifying the result identifies a valueof the observed value for the one or more runs; and modifying, by thecoating control device, a run parameter, of the run parameters, based onthe information identifying the result.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the coating process uses a plurality of materials, and whereinthe historic information identifies respective relationships for theplurality of materials.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein theparameter relates to a geometric configuration and the observed value isa target life or a runoff value.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein theparameter is a supply power setpoint and the observed value is a targetlife.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the parameter is a gas flowrate and the observed value is a refractive index or an absorptionindex.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the parameter is a gas flowrate and the observed value is a target life.
 17. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructionscomprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: receive designinformation, wherein the design information identifies desired valuesfor a set of layers of an optical element to be generated during one ormore runs; receive or obtain historic information identifying arelationship between a parameter for the one or more runs and anobserved value relating to the one or more runs or the optical element;determine layer information for the one or more runs based on thehistoric information, wherein the layer information identifies runparameters, for the set of layers, to achieve the desired values; andcause the one or more runs to be performed based on the layerinformation.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim17, wherein the historic information is for a first run, wherein thelayer information is for a second run, and wherein the first run and thesecond run are separated by at least one run.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the desired value includesat least one of: a thickness of a layer of the set of layers, arefractive index of the optical element, or an absorption index.
 20. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the one ormore runs are part of a coating campaign to generate the optical elementusing a sputtering technique.